364 Irregular verbs
The verbs in roman type are verbs which are not very common in modern English but may be found in literature. When a verb has two possible forms and one is less usual than the other, the less usual one wiD be printed in roman.
Compounds of irregular verbs form their past tenses and past participles in the same way as the original verb:
come came come
overcome overcame overcome
set set set
upset upset upset
Present and infinitive
Simple past
Past participle
abide
abode
abode
arise
arose
arisen
awake
awoke/awaked
awoAoi/awaked
be
was
been
bear
tore
borne/born’’
beat
AM*
beaten
become
became
biame
be&B
befeO
befall*.
beget
tagot
begotten
begin
bmfm
begun
behold
betetd
tefeefd
9f9tO
bent
btwt
berwjte
bfnttved
beKumed/bereft*
besecdi
besoaght
besought
bit
btwtd/bet
bettooAet
bid(- common*)
bade
bidden
«(-«Hrr)
bid
btd
bind
bound
bound
mte
bit
bitten
I
’These past participies are -not optional but carry different meanings and should be checked by the student in a reliable dictionary.
353
.9 Irregular verbs
Present and infinitive
Simple past
Past participle
Mud
bled
Mtd
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
breed
bnd
bnd
bring
brought
brought
broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
build
built
built
bum
burned/burnt
burned/burnt
bunt
burst
bunt
buy
bought
bought
CSQ«t
could
be able
cast
cast
cast
catch
caught
caught
chide
chid
chidden
choose
chose
chosen
cleave
dove/deft
dovea/deft*
cling
dung
clung
dotke
clothed/clad
clothed/clod
come
come
come
cost
cost
cost
creep
crept
crept
crow
revteed/crew
crowed
cut
cut
cut
dare
Jared/durst
dared/foist
deal/di:V
dealt /delt/
dealt /delt/
dig
dug
dug
do
did
done
drew
drew
drawn
dream
dreamed/dreamt
dreamed/dreamt
/dri:m/
/dri:md, dremt/
/dri:md, dremt/
drink
drank
drunk ,
drive
drove
driven . I
dwell
dwelled/<fo«tt
dwelled/dwelt gg|
eat
ate
eaten ^H
fall
fell
fallen ^1
feed
fed
feel
M
fight
fought
find
found
flee
fled
•See footnote on page 353. fPresent only.
39 Irregular verbs
Present and infinitive Simple past
Past participle
fling
ft
flung
flung
m
forbear
flew forbore
flown forborne
jortnd
*
forbade /fo’bad/
forbidden
jorget forgive forsake freeze
forgot forgave forsook froze
forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen
get
got
eat
gild gird
gilded/gilt girded/gin
gilded/gilt girded/girt
give
gave
given
go
went
font
grind
ground
w -•”-
gnmnd
grow
grew
grown
hang have
hanged/hung had
hanged/hung* had
hear /hia(r)/
heard fbaidj
heard /hard/
hew
hewed
hewed/hewn
hide
hid
hidden
M
hit
hit
hold
held
heU
hurt
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
heat
kneel
knelt
ktult
knit”
knit
kt
know
knew
known
lay
laid
latA
lead
led
IfA
lean
leaned/leant *
leaned/leant
mini
/lirnd, lent/
/li:nd, lent/
leap /li:p/
leaped/leapt /li:pt, lept/
leaped/leapt /li:pt, lept/
team
ieamed/learnt
learned/learnt
leave
kfl
left
lend
lent
lent
let
let
let
lie
lay
*See footnote on page 353. ** = unite/draw together, knit ( regular verb. tPresent only.
make garments from wool) is a
354
355
39 Irregular verbs
Present and infinitive
Simple past
Past participle I
light
lighted/lit
lighted/lit I
lose
lost
hst I
maht
made
made I
wart
might
– I
mean /mi:n/
meant /ment/
meant /ment/ I
meet
met
met I
mow
mowed
mowed/mourn I
i»KS/t
/sa^to
–
««r*rt
_ ^m
pay
paid
paid ^H
#*r
put
read /ri:d/
mid /red/
read /red/ |^l
rend
rent
rent $WP|
rtf
ri*
rid
fide
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen /’run/
run
ran
run
saw
sawed
sawed/sawn
say /set/
said /sed/
said /sed/
see
saw
seen
seek
sought
sought
stU
sold
soM
send
tent
ant
set
set
tti
sewed
sewed/sewn
ska**
jA0Qn
shake*
Steffi
tWrf
$kmr
she&redJtkw*
sheared/stern
thud
tked
C*Mt
shine /Jain/
JJMM r’fon/
sfaMW/fWt/
S*M
i*o«iAhod
shocd/stod
shoot
shot
that
show
thawed
showed/shown
shrink
shrank
shrunk
shut
shut
shut
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk
sit
sat
sat
slay
slew
slain
sleep
slept
slept
tPresent only.
356
39 Irregular verbs
Present and infinitive Simple past
Past participle
slide
slid
sliA ,
sting
slung
slung
sunk
slunk
slunk
slit
slit
slit
smell
smelted/smelt
smelled/smelt
smite
smote
smitten
sow
sowed
sowed/sown
speak
spoke
spoken
speed
spell
spend
speeded/sped
spelled/spelt
spent
speeded/sped
spelled/spelt
spent
spui
spilled/spiU
spilled/spat
spin
spun
spun
spa
spat
stoat
split
split
sbiit
spread
spread
spread
spring stand
sprang stood
sprung stood
steal
stole
stolen
stick
stuck
stuck
sang stink
stung stank/stunk
stung stunk
strew
strewed
strewed/strewn
smae
-strode
stridden
strike
struck
struck
string strive
strung strove
strung striven
swear
swore
sworn
sweep
swept
• swept
swell
swelled
swelled/swollen
swim
swam
swum
swing
swung
swung
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
tear
tore
torn
tell
told
laU
think thrive throw
thought
thrived/throve
threw
thought
thrived/thriven
thrown
thrust
thrust
thrust
tread
trod
trodden/trod
357
39 Irregular verbs
Present and infinitive Simple past
Past participle
understand undertake
understood undertook
understood undertaken
wake
waked/woke
waked/woken
wear
wore
worn
weave
wove
woven
weep
wept
wept
wei
wetted/wet
wetted/wet
win
would
win
won
mm*
wind
wound
wound
wring write
wrung wrote
wrung written
tPresent only,
i
358