46 all, each, every, everyone, everybody, everything (for all and each, see also 48)
A all compared to every
Technically, all means a number of people or things considered as a group while every means a number of people or things considered individually. But in practice every and its compounds are often used when we are thinking of a group.
B each (adjective and pronoun) and every (adjective)
each means a number of persons or things considered individually. every can have this meaning but with every there is less emphasis on the individual.
Every man had a weapon means ’All the men had weapons’, and implies that the speaker counted the men and the weapons and found that he .had the same number of each. Each man had j weapon implies that the speaker went to each man in turn and checked that he had a weapon. each is a pronoun and adjective: Each (man) knows what to do. every is an adjective only. Every man knows … each can be used of two or more persons or things, and is normally used of small numbers, every is not normally used of very_sjnall numbers. ’
Both take a singular verb. The possessive adjective is his/her/its. (For the reciprocal pronoun each other, see 53 C, 70 B.)
C everyone/everybody and everything (pronouns)
everyone/everybody + singular verb is normally preferred to all (the) people + plural verb, i.e. we say Everyone in ready instead of All the peopU art ready. There is no difference between everyone and everybody.
everything is similarly preferred to all (the) things, i.e. we gay Everything has been wasted instead of All the things have keen wasted. The expressions all (the) people, all (the) things are possible when followed by a phrase or dause:
All Ou people in the room dapped.
I got all Ou things you asked for. Otherwise they are rarely used.
(For pronouns and possessive adjectives with everyone/everybody, see 51 C. 69.)
5 all, each, every etc.
47 hotl,
both means ’one and the other’. It takes a plural verb both can be used alone or followed by a noun:
Both (doors) were open or by (of) + the/these/those or possessives:
lath (of) the wheels both (of) your wheels or by of + us/you/theni:
JSoth of us knew him. A personal pronoun + both is also possible:
We both knew him. (See 48.)
both … and … can be used to emphasize a combination of two adjectives, nouns, verbs etc.:
It was both cold and wet.
He is both an actor and a director.
He both acts and directs.
48 all/both/each + of and alternative constructions
A all (pronoun) can be followed by of + the/this/these/tnat/thos*/ possessives and proper nouns. «««’uio*e/
both (pronoun) + of can be used similarly but with plural forms only
1 he of here is often omitted especially with all + a sincular noun/pronoun. «««uiar
oil the town all (of) Tom’s boys all hts life both (of) the towns
all (of) these both (of) his parents
B
With all/both + of + personal pronoun the of cannot be omitted-
alloftt both of them But there is an alternative construction, personal pronoun + all/both-
all of it is replaceable by it all.
olio/us – we ’subject), us all (object).
all of you is replaceable by you all.
aliof them * they all (subject), them all (object). Similarly
boti of us – we both or us both
boft of you – you both
bolt of them – they both or them both
y^i”?*,**”br°hen ’ I+V”*” all broken. AlllBoth of us went – We all/both went We <*te all/both the cakes WetttallAothoftheM. Wt ate them all/both.
When oi* of these pronoun + all/both combinations is the subject at.
aa0^^^i!W^tlVCtt) ”•””y ***** lOI/bot* Wt*t*Hi*utuig. YmmntstboAke^me.
i
5 all, each, every etc. ’
~*m
be is also placed before all/both except when it is used in short |H
answers etc.: ^1
We are all/both ready but ^1
Who is ready? ~ We all are/We both an. •
Other auxiliaries used alone and simple tenses of ordinary verbs follow^^
all/both.
Jfow all have maps. They both knew where to go.
D each, like both, can be followed by of + theae/thoae etc. (plural forms only). The of here cannot be omitted:
each of the boys each of these each of us/you/lhem can, however, be replaced by pronoun + each:
*&r.h of you – you each
each of MS > MX each (subject), us each (indirect object) .
taeh of them – they each (subject), them each (indirect object) iMj
HV each stnt in a report. ^H
They gave us each a form to fill in. |H
Note Out each of us/you/them is singular: ^1
Each of us has a map. ^H
But we/you/they each is plural: _ ^1
We each k**t a map. j^l
Verbs used with we/you/th*y each fottow the patterns given in C IH
above for alt and both: JH
They have tatk bten questioned. j^l
49 neither, either ’^1
A 1 ir»ither means ’not one and not the other’ It takes an affirmative H|j singular verb. It can be used by itwif or followed by a noun or by of + the/these/those possess ves or personal pronouns:
(a) / tried both keys but neither (of them) worked.
(b) Neither of them knew the way/Neither boy knew …
(c) I’ve read neither of these (books).
2 either means ’any one of two’. It takes a singular verb and, like neither, can be used by itself or followed by a noun/pronoun or by of + the/these/those etc.
3 either + negative verb can replace neither + affirmative except when neither is the subject of a verb. So either couM not be used in (a) or (b) above but could in (c):
/ haven’t read either of these (books).
Though either cannot be the subject of a negative verb, it can be subject or object of an affirmative or interrogative verb: Either (of these) would do. Would you like either of these?
4 Pronouns aad possessive adjectives with neither/either used of i , people should technically be he/him, the/her and his/her, but in
5 all, each, every etc.
colloquial English the plural forms are generally used: Neither of them knows the way, do they? Neither of them had brought their passports.
neither . . . nor, either … or
neither . . . nor + affirmative verb is an emphatic way of combining
two negatives:
(a) Neither threats nor arguments had any affect on him.
(b) They said the room was large and bright but it was neither large nor bright.
(c) He neither wrote nor phoned.
either … or + negative verb can replace neither . . . nor except when neither . . . nor is the subject of a verb, as in (a) above. So:
(b) . . . but it wasn ’t either large or bright and
(c) He didn ’t either write or phone.
either … or cannot be the subject of a negative verb but can be the subject or object of affirmative or intenogative verbs and is used in this way to express alternatives emphatically
You can have either soup e* fnat juice, (not both)
You must either go at once or wuH alt tomorrow
It’t urgent, so couid ye* either phone a* MM/ (For either used m additions to remarks, see 112 T*i neither/nor followed by invemon. set 45, 112.)
50 some, any, no and none (adjectives and pronouns)
A 1 some and any mean ’a certain number or amount’, They are used with or instead of plural or uncountable nouns. (For some/any with singular nouns, see C below.) some is a possible plural form of a/an and one:
Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/some dates. some, any and none can be used with of + the/this/these/those/ possessives/personal pronouns:
Some of the staff can speak Japanese.
Did any of your photos come out well?
2 some is used:
With affirmative verbs:
They bought some honey. In questions where the answer ’yes’ is expected:
Did some of you sleep on the floor? (I expect so.) In offers and requests:
Would you like some wine?
Could you do some typing for me? (See also C.)
3 any is used:
With negative verbs:
/ haven’t any matches.
66
67
5 all, each, every etc. ^^^^
With hardly, barely, scarcely (which are almost negatives): ^^J^B
/ have hardly any span time. ^H
With without when without any … – with no . . .: ^1 He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/with no difficulty. H
With questions except the types noted above: ^1
Have you got any money? ^1
Did he catch any fish? ^1
After if/whether and in expressions of doubt: JH
If you need any more money, please let me know. |H
/ don’t think there is any petrol in the tank. ^^
(See also C.)
B no (adjective) and none (pronoun)
no and none can be used with affirmative verbs to express a negative:
/ have no apples. I had some last year but I have none this year. no -t- noun can be the subject of a sentence:
No work was done.
No letter(s) arrived. none as the subject is possible but not very usual:
We expected Utters, but none came. none + of, however, is quite usual as subject:
None of the tourists wanted to climb the mountain.
C some or any used with singular, countable nouns some here usually means ’an unspecified or unknown’:
Some idiot parked his car outside my garage. or other can be added to emphasize that the speaker isn’t very
interested:
He doesn ’t believe in conventional medicine; he has somt remedy or
other of his own. any can mean ’practically every’, ’no particular (one)’:
Any book about riding will tell you how to saddle a horse. Any dictionary will give you the meaning of these words.
51 someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing
A Compounds with some, any and no follow the above rules: Someone wants to speak to you on the phone. Someone/Somebody gave me a ticket for the pop concert. No one/Nobody has ever given me a fret ticket for anything. Do you want anything from the chemist? Would anyone/anybody like a drink?
Note also:
/ dnnk anything – / don’t mind what I drink. Anyone will tell you where the house is. ’ (See 50 C.)
5 all, each, every etc.
B someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody can be
possessive:
Someone’s passport has been stolen. Is this somebody’s/anybody’s seat? I don’t want to waste anyone’s time.
C Pronouns and possessive adjectives with someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, everyone, everybody
These expressions have a singular meaning and take a singular verb so personal pronouns and possessive adjectives should logically be he/she, him/her, his/her. However in colloquial English plural forms are more common:
Has anyone left their luggage on the train?
No one saw Tom go out, did they? But with something, anything, nothing we still use it:
Something went wrong, didn ’t it?
52 else placed after someone/anybody/nothing etc,
A someone/somebody/something, anyone/anybody/anything, no one/nobody/nothing, everyone/everybody/everything and the adverbs somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere can
be followed by else:
some one else/somebody else = some other person anyone else/anybody else = any other person no one else/nobody else = no other person everyone else/everybody else = every other person something else = some other thing
I’m afraid I can’t help you. You ’II have to ask someone else. There isn’t anyone else/There’s no one else to ask.
• else used with adverbs:
somewhere else – in/at/to some other place anywhere else = in/at/to any other place nowhere else = in/at/to no other place Are you going anywhere else?
B someone/somebody, anyone/anybody, no one/nobody + else can
be possessive:
/ took someone else’s coat.
Was anyom else’s luggage opened?
No one else’s luggage was opened.
I
68
69
5 all, each, every etc.
53 another, other, others with one and some A another, other, others
Adjective Pronoun
Singular Plural
Adjective
another other
mother othtn
Have you met Bill’s sisters? -I’ve met one. I didn ’t know he had another (sister). – Oh, he has two others/two other sisters.
B one . . . another/other (a), some . . . other (a)
One student suggested a play, another (student)/other students/others
wanted a concert.
Some tourists/Some of the tourists went on the beach; others explored
the town.
C one another and each other •
Tom and Ann looked at each other »
Tom looked at Ann and Ann looked at Tom.
Both one another and each other can be used of two or more, but each other is frequently preferred when there are more than two.
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