References are 10 sections, unless otherwise stated.
1 Articles and one, a little/ a few, this, that page 15
a/an (the indefinite ankle) 1
Use of a/an 2
Omission of a/an 3
a/an and one 4
a little/a few and little/few 5
the (the definite article) 6
Omission of the 7
Omission of the before home etc.
this/these, that/those 9
2 Nouns page 24
Kinds and function 10 Gender 11 Plurals 12
Uncountable nouns 13 Form of possessive case 14 Use of possessive case etc. 15 Compound nouns 16
3 Adjectives page 33
Kinds of adjectives 17 Position of adjectives 18 Order of adjectives of quality 19 Comparison 20
Constructions with Comparisons 21 than/as + pronoun + auxiliary 22 the + adjective 23 Adjectives + one/ones etc. 24 many and much 25 Adjectives + infinitives 26 Adjectives + various constructions 27
4 Adverbs page 47
Kinds of adverbs 28
Form and use
Formation of adverbs with ly 29
Adverbs and adjectives with
the same form 30 Comparative and superlative 31 far. farther/farthest etc. 32 much, more, most 33 Constructions with comparisons 34
Position
Adverbs of manner 35 Adverbs of place 36 Adverbs of time 37 Adverbs of frequency 38 Order of adverbs 39 Sentence adverbs 40 Adverbs of degree 41
fairly, rather, quite, hardly etc.
fairly and rather 42
quite 43
hardly, scarcely, barely 44
Inversion of the verb
Inversion after certain adverbs 45
5 all, each, every, both, neither, either, some, any, no, none page 64
all. each, every, everyone etc. 46 both’ 47
all/both/each + of etc. 48 neither, either 49 . some, any, no and none 50 someone, anyone, no one etc. 51 else after someone/anybody etc. 52 another, other etc. with one. aome 53
7 Possessives, personal and reflexive pronouns: my, mine, I, myself etc. page 75
Possessive adjectives and
pronouns 62 Agreement and use of
possessive adjectives 63 Possessive pronouns replacing
possessive adjectives + nouns 64 Personal pronouns 65 Position of pronoun objects 66 Use of it 67 Indefinite pronouns 68 Use of they/them/their with
neither/either, someone etc. 69 Reflexive pronouns 70 Emphasizing pronouns 71
8 Relative pronouns and clauses page 81
Defining relative clauses 72 Relative pronouns used in
defining clauses 73 Defining clauses: persons 74 Defining clauses: things 75 Cleft sentences 76 Relative clause replaced by
infinitive or participle 77 Non-defining relative clauses 78 Non-defining clauses: persona 79
all, both, few, most, several etc. of -i- whom/which 80
Non-defining clauses: things 81 Connective relative clauses 82 what (relative pronoun) and
which (connective relative) 83 Commas in relative clauses 84 whoever, whichever etc. 85
9 Prepositions page 91
Introduction 86 Alternative position 87 Omission of to and for before
indirect objects 88 Use and omission of to with
verbs of communication 89 Time and date: at, on, by etc. 9 Time: from, since, for etc. 91 Time. to. till/until, after,
afterwards (adverb) 92 Travel and movement: from, to,
at, in, by, on, into etc. 93 at, in: in, into; on, onto 94 above, over, under etc. 95 Prepositions used with
adjectives and participles 96 Verbs and prepositions 97 Gerunds after prepositions 98 Prepositions/adverbs 99
90
10 Introduction to verbs page 105
Classes of verbs 100
Ordinary verbs
Principal parts 101 Active tenses 102 Negatives of tenses 103 Interrogative for questions and
requests 104 Negative interrogative 105
Auxiliary verbs …
Auxiliaries and modals 106 Forms and patterns 107
Contents
Use of auxiliaries in short answers, agreements etc.
In short answers 108 Agreements and
disagreements 109 Question tags 110 Comment tags 111 Additions to remarks 112
11 be, have, do page 116
be as an auxiliary verb
Form and use 113 be + infinitive 114
be as an ordinary verb
be to denote existence,
be + adjective 115 there is/are/was/were etc. 116 it is and there is compared 117
have as an auxiliary verb
Form and use 118 have + object + past participle 119 had better + bare infinitive 120 have + object •«• present participle 121
have as an ordinary verb
have meaning ’possess’ 122 have meaning ’take’, ’give’ 123
do
Form 124
do used as an auxiliary 125
do used as an ordinary verb 126
12 may and can for permission and possibility page 128
Permission
may for permission: forms 127 can for permission: forms 128 may and can used for permission
in the present or future 129 could or was/were allowed to for
permission in the past 130 Requests for permission 131
Possibility
may/might for possibility 132 may/might + perfect infinitive 133 could or may/might 134 can for possibility 135
13 can and be able for ability page 134
can and be able: forms 136 can/am able, could/was able 137 could -i- perfect infinitive 138
14 ought, should, must, have to, need for obligation page 137
ought: forms 139 should: forms 140 ought/should compared to
must and have to 141 ought/should with the continuous
infinitive 142 ought/should with the perfect
infinitive 143
must and have to: forms 144 must and have to: difference 145 need not and must not in
the present and future 146 need not, must not and must in
the present and future 147 need: forms 148 Absence of obligation 149 need not and other forms 150 must, have to and need in ’
the interrogative 151 needn’t + perfect infinitive 152 needn’t have (done) and
didn’t have/need (to do) 133 needn’t, could and should +
perfect infinitive 154 to need meaning ’require’ 155
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15 must, have, will and should for deduction and assumption page 147
must for deduction 156 must compared to may/might 157 have/had for deduction 158 can’t and couldn’t used for negative deduction 159 will and should: assumption 160
16 The auxiliaries dare and used page 150
dare 161 used 162 to be/become/get used to 163
17 The present tenses page 153
The present continuous
Form 164
Present participle: spelling 165
Uses 166
Other possible uses 167
Verbs not normally used 168
feel, look, smell and taste 169
see and hear 170
think, assume and expect 171
The simple present tense
Form 172
Used for habitual action 173
Other uses 174
18 The past and perfect tenses page 161
The simple past tense
Form 175
Irregular verbs: form 176
Use for past events 177
The past continuous tense
Form 178
Main uses 179
Other uses 180
Past continuous or simple past 181
The present perfect tense
Form and use 182
Use with just 183
Past actions: indefinite time 184
Actions in an incomplete period 185
Actions lasting throughout
an incomplete period 186 Use with for and since 187 it is + period + since + past or
perfect tense 188 Present perfect and simple past 189
The present perfect continuous tense
Form 190
Use 191
Comparison of the present perfect
simple and continuous 192 Some more examples 193
The past perfect tense
Form and use 194 In time clauses 195 In indirect speech 196
The past perfect continuous tense Form and use 197
19 The future page 180
Future forms 198
The simple present 199
Future with intention 200
will + infinitive 201
The present continuous 202
The be going to form 203
be going to used for intention 204
be going to and will + infinitive
to express intention 205 be going to used for prediction 206 The future simple 207
10
First person will and (lull 208 Uses of the future simple 209 will contrasted with
wantywish/wottld like 210 The future continuous tense 211 The future continuous used as
an ordinary continuous tense 212 The future continuous used to
express future without intention 213 The future continuous and
will + infinitive compared 214 Various future forms 215 The future perfect and the future
perfect continuous 216
20 The sequence of tenses page 195
Subordinate clauses 217 The sequence of tenses 218
21 The conditional page 196
The conditional tenses
The present conditional tense 219 The perfect conditional tense 220
Conditional sentences
Conditional sentences type 1 221 Conditional sentences type 2 222 Conditional sentences type 3 223 will/would and should 224 if + were and inversion 225 if, even if, whether, unless,
but for. otherwise etc. 226 if and in case 227 if only 228 In indirect speech 229
22 Other uses of will/would, shall/should page 206
Habits expressed by will, would 230 should/would think + tnat-clause or so/not 231
Contents
would for past intention 232 shall I/we? 233
shall: second and third persons 234 that… should 235 it is/was -t- adjective + that… should 236 Other uses of should 237
23 The infinitive page 212
Form 238
Uses of the infinitive 239
The infinitive as subject 240
As object or complement 241
Verb •*• how/what etc. + infinitive 242
Infinitive after verb or
verb + object 243 Infinitive after verb’ + object 244 Infinitive after verbs of
knowing and thinking etc. 245 The bare infinitive 246 . Infinitive represented by to 247 Split infinitives 248 Infinitive as connective link 249 Infinitive used to replace
a relative clause 250 Infinitive after certain nouns 251 After too, enough, so… as 252 Infinitive phrases 253 The continuous infinitive 254 The perfect infinitive 255 Perfect infinitive continuous 256
24 The gerund page 228
Form and use 257
The gerund as subject 258
Gerunds after prepositions 259
The word to 260
Verbs followed by the gerund 261
Verbs + possessive adjective/
pronoun object + gerund 262 The verb mind 263 The perfect gerund 264 The passive gerund 265
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25 Infinitive and gerund constructions page 234
Verbs + infinitive or gerund 266 Verbs + infinitive or gerund
without change of meaning 267 regret, remember, forget 268 agree/agree to, mean, propose 269 go on, stop, try, used (to) 270 be afraid (of), be sorry (for),
be ashamed (of) 271
26 The participles page 239
Present (or active) participle 272 After verbs of sensation 273 catch, find, leave + object +
present participle 274 go. come, spend, waste etc 275 A present participle phrase
replacing a main clause 276 A present participle phrase
replacing a subordinate clause 277 Perfect participle (active) 278 Part participle (passive) and
perfect participle (passive) 279 Misrelated participles 280
27 Commands, requests, invitations, advice, suggestions page 245
The imperative for commands 281 Other ways of expressing
commands 282 Requests with
can/could/may/might I/we 283 Requests with
could;will/would you etc. 284 Requests with might 285 Invitations 286 Advice forms 287 Advice with may/might aa well +
infinitive 288 Suggestions 289
28 The subjunctive page 253
Form 290
Use of the present subjunctive 291 as if etc. + past subjunctive 292 it is time + past subjunctive 293
29 care, like, love, hate, prefer, wish page 255
care and like 294 care, like, love, hate, prefer 295 would like and want 296 would rather/sooner and
prefer/would prefer 297 More examples of preference 298 wish, want and would like 299 wish + subject + unreal past 300 wish (that) + subject + would 301
30 The passive voice page 263
Form 302
Active and passive equivalents 303 Uses of the passive 304 depositions with passive verbs 305 ..jfinitive constructions after passive verbs 306
31 Indirect speech page 269
Direct and indirect speech 307 Statements in indirect speech:
tense changes necessary 308 Past tenses 309 Unreal past tenses 310 might, ought to, should, would,
used to in indirect statements 311 could in indirect statements 312 Pronoun and adjective 313 Expressions of time and place 314 Infinitive and gerund 315 My, tell etc. 316 Questions in indirect speech’ 317 Questions beginning shall I/we? 318
Questions beginning will you/ would you/could you? 319
Commands, requests, advice 320
Other ways of expressing indirect commands 321
let’s, let us, let him/them 322
Exclamations and yes and no 323
Indirect speech: mixed types 324
must and needn’t 325
Contents
35 Noun clauses page 303
Noun clauses as subject 343 that-clauses after certain
adjectives/participles 344 that-clauses after nouns 345 Noun clauses as objects 346 so and not representing
a that-clause 347
32 Conjunctions page 2S8
Co-ordinating conjunctions 326 besides, so, still, yet etc. 327 Subordinating conjunctions 328 though/although, in spite of,
despite 329 for and because 330 when, while, as to express time 331 as meaning when/while or
because/since 332 as, when, while used to mean
although, but, seeing that 333
33 Purpose page 294
Purpose expressed by infinitive 334 Infinitives after go and come 335 Clauses of purpose 336 in case and lest 337
34 Clauses of reason, result, concession, comparison, time page 298
Reason and result/cause 338 Result with such/so … that 339 Clauses of concession 340 Clauses of comparison 341 Time clauses 342
36 Numerals, dates, and weights and measures page 307
Cardinal numbers 348
Points about cardinal numbers 349
Ordinal numbers 350
Points about ordinal numbers 35!
Dates 352
Weights, length, liquids 353
37 Spelling rules page 311
Introduction 354
Doubling the consonant 355
Omission of a final e 356
Words ending in ce and ge 357
The suffix ful 358
Words ending in y 359
ie and ei 360
Hyphens 361
38 Phrasal verbs page 315
Introduction 362
Verb + preposition/adverb 363
39 List of irregular verbs page 353
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Irregular verbs 364
Index page 359
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