Numerals, dates and weights and measures
348 Cardinal numbers (adjectives and pronouns) 1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one 31 thirty-one etc. 2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two 40 forty 3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three 50 /j/ty 4 /our 14 fourteen 24 twenty-four 60 sixty 5 /it* 15 /i/leen 25 twenty-five 70 seventy 6 six 16 sixteen 26 twenty-six 80 eigfcty […]
Noun clauses
Noun clauses are very often introduced by that and are therefore often called that-clauses. However, not all noun clauses are thai-clauses 343. Noun clauses (that-clauses) as subject of a sentence A Sentences with noun clause subjects usually begin with it (see 67 D): It is disappointing that Tom can’t come, ’that Tom can’t come’ is […]
Clauses of reason, result, concession, comparison, time
34 Reason, result, concern, compuuon, tu* 338 Clauses of reason and result/cause Except for the type shown in A2 and A3 below, both these clauses can be introduced by as or because. But as is safer for clauses of reason (see A below) and because is safer for clauses of result/cause (see B). A Clauses […]
Purpose
334 Purpose is normally expressed by the infinitive ri^^^^^B Purpose can be expressed by: ’P’^^W A The infinitive alone: He went to France to learn French. They stopped to a&k the way. When there is a personal object of the main verb, the infinitive may refer to this and not to the subject: He sent […]
Conjunctions
326 Co-ordinating conjunctions: and, but, both . . . and, or, either … or, neither . . . nor, not only . . . but also These join pairs of nouns/adjectives/adverbs/verbs/phrases/clauses: He plays squash and rugby. I make the payments and keep the accounts. He works quickly and/but accurately. He is, small but strong. She […]
Indirect speech
307 Direct and indirect (or reported) speech There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect. In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words: He said, ’I have lost my umbrella.’ Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas, and a comma or colon is placed immediately before […]
The passive voice
302 Form A The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active verb becomes the ’agent’ of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mentioned. When […]
Care, like, love, hate, prefer, wish
294 care and like care is chiefly used in the negative and interrogative. A care for + noun/gerund is very similar to like + noun/gerund. We can say: (a) Does/Did Tom can for living in the country? or Dots/Did Tom like living in the country? (b) You don 7 care for science fiction, do you? […]
The subjunctive
290 Form A The present subjunctive has exactly the same form as the infinitive; therefore the present subjunctive of to be is be for all persons, and the present subjunctive of all other verbs is the same as their present tense except that a is not added for the third person singular: The queen lives […]
Commands, requests, invitations, advice, suggestions,
281 Commands expressed by the imperative A The second person imperative 1 This has the same form as the bare infinitive: Hurry! Wait! Stop! For the negative we put do not (don’t) before the verb: Don’t hurry! 2 The person addressed is very often not mentioned, but can be expressed by a noun placed at […]