The participles
272 The present (or active) participle A Form The infinitive + ing. e.g. working, loving, sitting. B Use 1 To form the continuous tenses (see 164, 178 etc.): He is working. You ’ve been dreaming. 2 As adjectives (see 17): running water floating wreckage dripping taps leaking pipes Here there is equal stress on participle […]
Infinitive and gerund constructions
266 Verbs which may take either infinitive or gerund ’ ’ – °^ need (267) advise (see 267) agree (269) allow (267) begin (267) can/could bear (267) cease (267) continue (267) /or#r/ (268) fcate (295) intend (267) Me (295) low (295) mean (269) need (267) permit (267) pr«/er (295) pro/wse (269) recommend(2f>1) regret (268) remember […]
The gerund
259 A 257 Form and use The gerund has exactly the same form as the present participle: running, speaking, working elc. It can be used in the following ways: (a) as subject of a sentence: Dancing bored him. (see 258) (b) as complement of a verb: Her hobby is painting. (c) after prepositions: He was […]
The infinitive
238 Form Examples of infinitive forms* Present infinitive Present continuous infinitive Perfect infinitive Perfect continuous infinitive Present infinitive passive Perfect infinitive passive to work, to do to be working to be doing to have worked, to have done to haw been working to have been doing to be done to have been done B The […]
Other uses of will / would. shall /should
230 A -il/shall in cotfl**’ see 282. For ^ ^ould in requests, see 284. For w*| ’ uid in invitations, see 286. For w»’” rf/snould used with like, prefer, wish etc.., see ForW«”’a chaptef 29. . $ expressed by will, would tne present are normally expressed by the simnple present Habits |” ^ ^j,, + […]
The conditional
The conditional tenses 219 The present conditional tense A This is formed with would/should + infinitive for the first person and would -i- infinitive for the other persons. . ,,».j -i-i-i-.ij …^.fc B Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative interrogative / would/I’d work or 1 should work you would/you ’d work etc. / would not/wouldn ’t work […]
The sequence of tenses
217 Subordinate clauses A sentence can contain a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. A subordinate clause is a group of words containing a subject and verb and forming part of a sentence: We knew that the bridge WUB unaafe. He gave it to me because he trusted me. He ran foster than […]
The future
198 Future forms There are several ways of expressing the future in English. The forms are listed below and will be dealt with in the order in which they are given. Students should study them in this order, as otherwise the relationship between them will not be dear. (a) The simple present (see 199) (b) […]
The past and perfect tenses
I The simple past tense 175 Form A The simple past tense in regular verbs is formed by adding ed to the infinitive: Infinitive: to work Simple past: worked Verbs ending in e add d only: Infinitive: to love Simple past: loved The same form is used for all persons: / worked you worked he […]
The present tenses
There are two present tenses in English: The present continuous: I am working. The simple present: I work. The present continuous m 164 Form The present continuous tense is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb be + the present participle: A Affirmative Negative Interrogative I am working you are working he/she/it is […]